J/ApJS/219/20 Outflows and bubbles in Taurus (Li+, 2015)
Outflows and bubbles in Taurus: star-formation feedback sufficient to
maintain turbulence.
Li H., Li D., Qian L., Xu D., Goldsmith P.F., Noriega-Crespo A., Wu Y.,
Song Y., Nan R.
<Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 219, 20 (2015)>
=2015ApJS..219...20L 2015ApJS..219...20L (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Interstellar medium ; YSOs ; Molecular clouds ; Radio lines ;
Infrared sources
Keywords: ISM: bubbles; ISM: individual: Taurus;
ISM: jets and outflows; ISM: kinematics and dynamics; surveys;
turbulence
Abstract:
We have identified outflows and bubbles in the Taurus molecular cloud
based on the ∼100deg2 Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory
12CO(1-0) and 13CO(1-0) maps and the Spitzer young stellar object
catalogs. In the main 44deg2 area of Taurus, we found 55 outflows,
of which 31 were previously unknown. We also found 37 bubbles in the
entire 100deg2 area of Taurus, none of which had been found
previously. The total kinetic energy of the identified outflows is
estimated to be ∼3.9x1045erg, which is 1% of the cloud turbulent
energy. The total kinetic energy of the detected bubbles is estimated
to be ∼9.2x1046erg, which is 29% of the turbulent energy of Taurus.
The energy injection rate from the outflows is ∼1.3x1033erg/s, which
is 0.4-2 times the dissipation rate of the cloud turbulence. The
energy injection rate from bubbles is ∼6.4x1033erg/s, which is 2-10
times the turbulent dissipation rate of the cloud. The gravitational
binding energy of the cloud is ∼1.5x1048erg, that is, 385 and 16
times the energy of outflows and bubbles, respectively. We conclude
that neither outflows nor bubbles can provide sufficient energy to
balance the overall gravitational binding energy and the turbulent
energy of Taurus. However, in the current epoch, stellar feedback is
sufficient to maintain the observed turbulence in Taurus.
Description:
In our study, we used the 12CO(1-0) and 13CO(1-0) data observed
with the 13.7m FCRAO telescope. The FCRAO CO survey was taken between
2003 and 2005. The FWHM beam width is 45" for 12CO and 47" for
13CO.
The MIPS maps were created as part of the final products from the
Spitzer Legacy Taurus I and II surveys (Padgett et al.
2007AAS...211.1206P 2007AAS...211.1206P). The data were obtained in fast scan mode in
three bands, 24, 70, and 160um, over an area of 44deg2. The
observations were performed in three epochs between 2005 and 2007,
with integration times of 30s (24um) and 15s (70 and 160um).
We also adopted the up-to-date catalog of Spitzer YSOs where 215 YSOs
and 140 new YSO candidates in Taurus are reported (Rebull et al. 2010,
J/ApJS/186/259).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table2.dat 92 55 Outflows in Taurus
table5.dat 61 110 Physical parameters of the 55 outflows
table7.dat 70 37 Bubbles in Taurus
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See also:
J/ApJ/801/91 : Gould's Belt Very Large Array survey. IV. Taurus (Dzib+, 2015)
J/ApJ/760/147 : 13CO cores in the Taurus molecular cloud (Qian+, 2012)
J/ApJS/196/4 : New young star candidates in Taurus-Auriga (Rebull+, 2011)
J/MNRAS/418/2121 : CO 3-2 observations of outflows in W5 (Ginsburg+, 2011)
J/ApJS/186/259 : Taurus Spitzer survey: new candidate members (Rebull+, 2010)
J/PASJ/60/209 : Faint companions around YSOs in TMC (Itoh+, 2008)
J/ApJ/670/428 : Bubbles in the galactic disk. II. (Churchwell+, 2007)
J/ApJ/649/759 : Bubbles in the galactic disk (Churchwell+, 2006)
J/A+A/426/503 : Catalog of high velocity molecular outflows (Wu+ 2004)
http://astro.kent.ac.uk/~df/MHCat/ : Catalog of MHOs in outflows
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [TMO_]
5- 6 I2 --- Seq Outflow identifier (TMO_NN)
8- 9 I2 h RAh [4] Hour of right ascension (J2000)
11- 12 I2 min RAm [11/48] Minute of right ascension (J2000)
14- 17 F4.1 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
19 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of declination (J2000)
20- 21 I2 deg DEd [22/29] Degree of declination (J2000)
23- 24 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
26- 27 I2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
29- 43 A15 --- OName Other name
45- 56 A12 --- OName2 Second other name
58- 61 A4 --- Type YSO type (1)
63- 64 A2 --- Cl Outflow class (A+ to C+) (2)
66- 67 A2 --- Pol Polarity of the outflow (3)
69 A1 --- N? The outflow is detected for the first time in
our study (Y=new; N=reported in previous work)
71- 92 A22 --- Ref Reference(s) (4)
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Note (1): The YSO classification from Rebull et al. (2010, J/ApJS/186/259).
"Flat" represents a flat-spectrum YSO, which is intermediate between
Class I and II.
Note (2): Criteria for outflow classification (table 3):
----------------------------------------------------------
Class 12CO 12CO 13CO 13CO Outflow
TPV RCM TPV RCM numbers
----------------------------------------------------------
A+ x x --- --- 24
A- x x x x 18
B+ x --- --- --- 4
B- x --- x --- 1
C+ --- x --- --- 8
----------------------------------------------------------
TPV = typical P-V diagram; RCM=representative contour map.
See section 3.1 for further explanations.
Note (3): Polarity as follows:
Bi = bipolar outflow
MB = blue monopolar outflow
MR = red monopolar outflow
Note (4): Reference as follows:
1 = Narayanan et al. (2012MNRAS.425.2641N 2012MNRAS.425.2641N),
2 = Davis et al. (2010MNRAS.405..759D 2010MNRAS.405..759D),
3 = Moriarty-Schieven et al. (1992ApJ...400..260M 1992ApJ...400..260M),
4 = this paper,
5 = Tafalla et al. (2004A&A...423L..21T 2004A&A...423L..21T),
6 = Wu et al. (2004, J/A+A/426/503)
7 = Bontemps et al. (1996A&A...311..858B 1996A&A...311..858B)
8 = Stojimirovic et al. (2007ApJ...660..418S 2007ApJ...660..418S)
9 = Lichten (1982ApJ...255L.119L 1982ApJ...255L.119L)
10 = Goldsmith et al. (1984ApJ...286..599G 1984ApJ...286..599G)
11 = Tamura et al. (1996AJ....112.2076T 1996AJ....112.2076T)
12 = Hogerheijde et al. (1998ApJ...502..315H 1998ApJ...502..315H)
13 = Zhou et al. (1996ApJ...466..296Z 1996ApJ...466..296Z)
14 = Chandler et al. (1996ApJ...471..308C 1996ApJ...471..308C)
15 = Arce & Goodman (2001ApJ...554..132A 2001ApJ...554..132A)
16 = Mitchell et al. (1994ApJ...436L.177M 1994ApJ...436L.177M)
17 = Heyer et al. (1987ApJ...321..370H 1987ApJ...321..370H)
18 = Terebey et al. (1990ApJ...362L..63T 1990ApJ...362L..63T)
19 = Myers et al. (1988ApJ...324..907M 1988ApJ...324..907M)
20 = Wu et al. (1992ApJ...394..196W 1992ApJ...394..196W).
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table5.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [TMO_]
5- 6 I2 --- Seq Outflow identifier (TMO_NN)
8- 18 A11 --- Lobe "Blueshifted" or "Redshifted"
20- 22 F3.1 km/s Vavg [1.4/5.2]? Average velocity of the outflow
relative to the cloud systemic velocity
24- 25 I2 arcmin Area1 ? Extent along RA
26 A1 --- --- [x]
27- 28 I2 arcmin Area2 ? Extent along DEC
30- 33 F4.2 pc Length [0.1/1.2]? Length
35- 39 F5.3 Msun Mass [0.001/0.9]? Mass
41- 45 F5.3 Msun.km/s Mom [0.003/3.3]? Momentum of outflow
47- 51 F5.2 10+36J E [0.01/12.1]? Energy in 1043erg
53- 55 F3.1 10+5yr Tdyn [0.3/6.1]? Dynamical timescale
57- 61 F5.3 10+23W Lflow [0.04/9.5]? Outflow luminosity in 1030erg/s
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: table7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 4 A4 --- --- [TMB_]
5- 6 I2 --- Seq Bubble identifier (TMB_NN)
8- 9 I2 h RAh [4] Hour of right ascension (J2000)
11- 12 I2 min RAm [11/48] Minute of right ascension (J2000)
14- 15 I2 s RAs Second of right ascension (J2000)
17 A1 --- DE- [+] Sign of declination (J2000)
18- 19 I2 deg DEd [22/29] Degree of declination (J2000)
21- 22 I2 arcmin DEm Arcminute of declination (J2000)
24- 25 I2 arcsec DEs Arcsecond of declination (J2000)
27- 28 A2 --- Cl Bubble class (1)
30 A1 --- YSO YSO inside the bubble? ("Y" or "N")
32- 35 F4.2 pc Rad [0.2/1.9] Radius
37- 39 F3.1 km/s Vexp [1/3.3] Expansion velocity of the bubble
41- 43 I3 Msun Mass [2/386] Mass
45- 48 I4 Msun.km/s Mom [2/1275] Momentum
50- 54 F5.2 10+38J E [0.02/42] Kinetic energy in 1045erg
56- 58 F3.1 10+6yr Tkin [0.1/1] Kinetic timescale
60- 64 F5.2 10+25W Lbub [0.02/32] Bubble energy injection rate
in 1032erg/s
66- 70 F5.1 10-8Msun/yr dm/dt [1/637.5] Estimate of minimum stellar wind
mass loss rate needed to drive the bubble
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Note (1): Criteria for Bubble Classification (table 6):
-----------------------------------------------------------
Bubble Contour P-V Channel Fitting Bubble
class map diagram maps curve numbers
-----------------------------------------------------------
A x x x x 13
B1 --- x x --- 6
B2 x --- x --- 4
B3 x x --- --- 4
B4 --- --- x --- 4
C x --- --- --- 6
-----------------------------------------------------------
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Emmanuelle Perret [CDS] 14-Dec-2015